For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. He had a populist touch and his reign started with pardons, reforms and justice. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. Wolf Hall this is not. Omissions? [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. It was 1501. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. Henry VII: Winter King - A Review and Rundown - The Anne Boleyn Files [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". [36] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. Henry was devastated. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Henry VII: The Winter King - Amazon Prime Video One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. Castles of . of course, a large proportion of my opinion is probably due to the fact that i knew a lot about henry vii already, and Penn tried to create quite a thrilling/mysterious feel, which is all well and good if you don't already know how everything plays out. Corrections? Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Thank you for subscribing. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England - Goodreads [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. Watch with Prime In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. 1517. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. When Henry VIII Wrestled the King of Franceand Lost Watch for $0.00 with Prime. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? Not only was . Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. Author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. The Great Debasement - Wikipedia For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. 1509. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. Together, they had seven children. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". The 6 Main Achievements of Henry VII | History Hit He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Why was Henry VII called the "Winter King"? - Quora I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. So 4 stars. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. I would read more by this author. Updates? This was excellent. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. He created the Tudor dynasty. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Consultant editor for the. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again.