The Late Republic - Clarkson Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Websites. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress What is a primary source? - Paperpile [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Primary Sources Sallust. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Find these with these special Subject terms. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. be determined. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Click the title for location and availability information. Copyright statement. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. . Encyclopedias. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. Biographies of historical and famous people. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. Making of America. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. The Social War - Spartacus Educational To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. He could acknowledge the law as valid. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . Plutarch, writing much . The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. [citation needed]. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. The Steamboat Adventure. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Books. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king.
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