Based on a similar French agency, which the African OCRB often worked with, many crimes by the police force itself have gone unpunished, and a particularly effective method of torture, Le Caf, where one is beaten with a baton and then forced to walk an excruciating distance, became commonplace in interrogations of suspected bandits. [from 20th c.] 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. A separate, detailed investigation of the event by a North-American human rights specialist in early 2005 put the total number of those killed at 27 (Fuller, 2005). As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on November 13th, 2018- perpetrated by G-9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime- these more recent. Numa, the taller and thinner of the two, stands erect, in perfect profile, barely . Founded in 1950, the Stasi took many of its cues from the Soviet Unions KGB, and truth be told during the entire Cold War the KGB and Stasis alliances were so close that they shared offices in both Germany and Russia, and had political privileges in each country. Between the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986 and the December 1990 election, a series of short-lived military governments and coups dEtat punctuated the 5-year inter-regnum. [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalier protest movement. Under the rule of interim President Ertha Pascale Trouillot, in the rural area of Saint-Marc (in the Artibonite discrict, North of the capital), three dozen army soldiers and armed local civilians killed 11 peasants, in the villages of Piatre, Djean, Dupervil, Ka Jan and Ti Plas, in the context of a land conflict between local peasants and big landowners. Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. macoutes typically raided a house of alleged opponents, killed its inhabitants, including elderly people, children and servants, with guns and machetes, before moving to another house of an alleged opponent of the regime. Learn all about Tonton Macoute on AllMusic. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Alix introduced the man with his arm in a sling as Eloise Maitre. This represented the largest forced disappearance under the Duvaliers. Tonton Macoute Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | AllMusic Wilentz, A., The Rainy Season. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. Stop the massacres in Haiti: End US and UN support for the criminal Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. 1987 (July 23): Event known in collective memory as the Jean-Rabel massacre. In the vicinity of Jean-Rabel (in the Northwest of the country), paramilitary groups led by macoutesand acting upon orders from a local land oligarch, Rmy Lucas, killed at least 139 peasants (300 according to various human rights groups and the OAS, and 1,042 according to Nicol Poitevien, one of the self-proclaimed assassins). Tontons Macoutes | Haitian paramilitary organization | Britannica Thou. The dictatorship of the Duvalier family in Haiti - UKEssays.com . According to the National Palace Chief of Police, Jean Tassy, 2,053 individuals were killed from 1957 to 1967, in the police headquarters alone (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 56). V no. While hurricanes, floods and earthquakes have all devastated the landscape over the years, the biggest threat has come from humans. In Haiti: Security Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole phrase meaning "bogeymen"); the group was formally disbanded in 1986, but its members continued to terrorize the populace. The MICIVIH carried out an investigation immediately after the event and concluded that it was a premeditated collective murder., _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section B; MICIVIH, 1994). The most notorious of the camps, Tuol Sleng, is said to have held up to 20,000 prisoners between 1976 and 1978; only seven of those prisoners are known to have survived the camp. He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. _ Beyond opponents of the regime, the targeted groups cannot be defined in traditional political terms, which made the Duvalierist violence fundamentally new (Trouillot, 1990: 166-170). [12] This group answered to him only. Ordered to maintain the peace and security within Cambodia, all the while administering the prison camps the Khmer Rouge became notorious for, Santebal was responsible for untold thousands of executions at the roughly 150 prison camps across the country. After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. Torture of Cacos or alleged Cacos by the Marines was also common practice; this included the hanging of individuals by their genitals, forced absorption of liquids, and the use of ceps, simultaneous pressure by two guns on both side of the tibia bone. A Decade of Impunity in Haiti, Human Rights Watch, vol. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. She was seventeen years old. 1902 (August 8): In Petit-Gove, 450 civilians died in a fire which destroyed the town; it had allegedly been lit by the government forces of General Carri to force out the pro-Firmin forces. Avril, Prospre, From Glory to Disgrace, the Haitian Army, 1804-1994, Universal Publishers, 1999. 1919 (January): 19 Caco prisoners were executed in Hinche on US Captain Lavoies orders. The number of victims was 15 according to collective memory and 8 according to the Human Rights Watch report (1996). 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. Journalists were crushed. A fresh take on sports: the biggest news and most entertaining lists. Cambronne left Haiti in 1971 for Miami, Florida, where he died on 20 September 2006 at 77.[4]. _ In addition to the repression of the rebellion, between hundreds and thousands of civilians died or were killed during forced labor operations called corve, mainly the construction of roads throughout the country. The Benot, Edelyn and families were exterminated and their bodies left in full view in front of their houses. The Haitian Ministry of Justice, with the help of several international human rights groups such as the OAS-UN joint civilian mission (MICIVIH) and the International Lawyers Office, prosecuted several individuals involved in murders and human rights violations. The military ruled until September 19, 1994, when US President Clinton ordered the US marines to intervene and reinstall democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. There had been an attempted kidnapping of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier that morning and his father, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, decided to unleash his wrath, and his henchmen, on the entire city of Port-au-Prince. The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Noun Macoute ( pl. Tonton Macoute | Haiti Local | Fandom [6], Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. _ * (Hurbon, 1987: 10-11, 155 and 143; NCHR, 1986: 53-59; Interviews with witnesses). There should be no statute of limitations on the disappeared.". In several occasions, young children were tortured. President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. A History of Political Violence against the Poor The Blood-Soaked Record of the Duvaliers", "Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President", "Ogou- Vodou, Voodoo Spirit, Lwa of the Nago Nation", "5. Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. A four-year child, Stphane Sansericq, was tortured in front of his relatives before being killed. Roorda, Eric Paul, The Dictator Next Door: the Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1945, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1998. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. The bombs may have been handmade or grenades thrown from the planes. Hurbon, Laennec, La Dsymbolisation du pouvoir et ses effets meurtriers, Chemins Critiques, Montreal, Cidihca, 2001. In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . Genres: Jazz-Rock, Progressive Rock. _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). 1964 (July-August): Following a raid on June 24, 1964 by an anti-Duvalierist, Dominican Republic-based guerrilla group in the southeastern region of the country, the macoutesand the army carried out a vast repression operation and killed about 600 people in the towns of Mapou, Thiotte, Grand-Gosier and Belle-Anse. The story takes place in New Orleans. Montas joins an even shorter list of high profile victims, whom Baby Doc is able to identify by name. The following day, after the macoutes arrested two peasant leaders opposed to taxes, the local population burned down the mayors office and took down the black-and-red flag of the Duvalier regime (the original Haitian flag was blue-and-red). A Milcia de Voluntrios da Segurana Nacional (em francs: Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN), comumente conhecidos como Tonton Macoute (literalmente "Tio do Saco", em crioulo haitiano, aludindo s figuras do "homem do saco" ou "bicho papo") [ 1] era uma fora paramilitar haitiana inspirada no fascismo [ 2] criada em 1959, e They assaulted or tortured even more, causing countless Haitians to flee their homes for refuge abroad. The Gestapo in a sense became somewhat of a paramilitary force as well during the war. _ * (These events were often mentioned in interviews with witnesses and in an OAS report (ICHR, 1991: 469) but no exhaustive study has been conducted on the subject). The force was created in 1959, only two years after Franois Duvalier became president, due to the threat the dictator perceived from the regular armed forces. The names, in Crole, of the US officers who committed acts of violence against civilians, are still present in collective memory in the affected areas: Ouiliyanm (Lieutenant Lee Williams), Linx (Commandant Freeman Lang) and Captain Lavoie (Gaillard, 1981: 27-71). His wife spent 10,000 a month on flowers and always wore expensive furs indoors - with officials facing death if they forgot to turn on the air-conditioning. 5, 2003. On November 9, 2000, after a highly symbolic trial broadcasted live on the radio and led by the judicial authorities with assistance from international organizations, including the United Nations, 16 individuals out of the 29 tried were sentenced to prison terms. LaGeurta and Doakes speak about the atrocities committed by Tonton Macoute. Tonton Macoute - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopdi With nearly a half a million informants alone working for the Securitate, every facet of Romanian life was under surveillance, and even the most banal of criticism towards the regime could be met with severe punishment. This continued until the Tonton Macoute was left on its own when Baby Doc fled the country with an estimated $900m. 1929 (December 6): In Marchaterre, in the vicinity of Les Cayes (in the South of the country), the US Marines opened fire on a peaceful demonstration of peasants, killing between 12 and 22 of them. Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. Jolibois, Grard, LExcution des frres Coicou, Port-au-Prince, Le Natal, 1988. Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Troisime Partie. As the Nazi party apparatus expanded, the control of the Gestapo shifted, ultimately landing under Heinrich Himmlers control during World War Two. Emmanuel Lazare | Mafia Wiki | Fandom This, coming just a few days before the fiftieth anniversary of April 26, 1963, seems to not only be an attempt at whitewashing the past, but at launching an offensive against those who, on this day, will pause to remember. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. The total number of victims, 22, was disputed. Many times the corpses were put on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see. They were killed in an infirmary where they were being treated for wounds received during the battle. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. [7][20][21] Even their title of Tonton Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his satchel or his Makoute. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. These figures were contested by interviewed witnesses. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. Later on the same day, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, assisted by army soldiers from Saint-Marc, Artibonite, travelled to Gervais and carried out further killings in retaliation. tonton macoute massacre. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, section B). The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. His goal, he said, was to prevent "this dark chapter in history from repeating itself.". Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. According to a diocesian commission (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162), which photo-documented the event, the perpetrators were an army unit assisted by armed men acting on behalf of a local landowner. While the Stasi engaged in arrest and torture through the 1950s and 1960s, by the early 70s the secret police began a far more subversive campaign of psychological torture, disrupting a suspected dissident's personal life via a smear campaign, breaking into ones home to reorganize objects and making threatening phone calls, among other less obvious, but continuous provocations. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, VII, La Gurilla de Batraville, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1983. 1991 (October 2): The army killed at least 7 individuals in Gonaives, Artibonite, including one child and one adolescent, during a demonstration in support of President Aristide. The MVSN, commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, was notorious for corruption and brutality. [16], When Franois Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou was becoming celebrated for its purely Haitian heritage by intellectuals and the griots after having been let go for years by those with education. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. Tonton Macoute Lyrics: Come on to Haiti, you don't need a treaty / Papa Doc will do you OK / Tonton in the sun, he's polishing his gun / You'd better just stay out of his way / If you turn a . The dreaded Oprichniki, Tsar Ivan the Terribles secret police force tasked to govern the Oprichnina territory of Russia and enforce the Tsars policy of brutal suppression of enemies of the state, were active for a mere seven years, between 1565 and 1572, but their actions remain infamous. According to Trouillot (1990: 106), 5,500 people died in forced labor camps. Geographic (and cultural) isolation of the rural population in the center of the country impeded the flow of information and testimony on acts of violence committed in these areas. Roadblocks were set up. Those who were kidnapped, it was said, were never seen again. The Tonton Macoute move in shadows, like ghosts. It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". Following considerable pressure from the United Nations, the OAS and human rights groups, an internal investigation was carried out. At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the President's power, of which there were many. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH), which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be.