For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. (William B.) Annexation - Wikipedia . 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. 1848. 4. 36. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. endobj Hello, United States Acquisition of Territory, 1853 - University of South Florida Title from title sheet. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. 24. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. United States--Territorial expansion. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Expansion . In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. 8. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. But things are changing quickly. 14. Baker Island Howland Island . Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. The country claimed 94 such islands . Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . But thats not it. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. 15. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 8. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. of the United States, Geography 20 40. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Annexation of independent republic. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. ed. APUSH- United sates Acquisitions and Annexations See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). A self-governing state cannot accept . I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. They hung on classroom walls. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. 3 0 obj Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. W.B. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt - Shattuc, W. B. 23. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. 161. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. % 4. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. Kami Export - imperialism_DBQ_1.pdf - AMERICAN IMPERIALISM Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: This was not a freak event. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. Don't use plagiarized sources. 44. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. 30. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. The Greater United States (1904), . It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. endobj James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). Today, we are in a similar position. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. Acquisitions of US Territory, 1783-1853 - etc.usf.edu DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. Has the organization manage. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . JFIF ` ` C 38. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Acquisition History - U.S. Department of Defense Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Annexation | Teaching American History The question of territory was there from the start. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. 1. (Oxford, 1989). But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. 27. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. <> endobj But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. 1. 7. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. Sectionalism map of the united states; The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 11. United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? ed. Oregon Territory. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Chronological List of United States Expansion - Weber State University But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. They had even more people in the past. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. 33. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. U.S. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. PDF Chapter 10 Oregon Territory. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. 1853. Mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. - statistics & facts Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 United States territorial acquisitions table - Wikipedia On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. 1846. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. HUSH FINAL MAP: US Acquisitions and Annexations :) Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). Bicknell, Edward. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. 9. Mexican Cession. sovereign, self-governing republic. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. United States--Colonial question, - The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). United States--Foreign relations, - The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Texas. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D.